Constitutional Law

This section organises constitutional provisions, doctrines, and landmark judgments in a structured and context-based manner. The focus is on understanding judicial reasoning and constitutional development, rather than rote learning.

Fundamental Rights

• Article 14 – Equality Before Law

  Core idea: Equality permits reasonable classification. The scope of Article 14 has evolved from formal equality to the doctrine of arbitrariness.

• Article 19 – Freedoms

  Core idea: Fundamental freedoms are subject to reasonable restrictions based on constitutional grounds.

• Article 21 – Life and Personal Liberty

  Core idea: Article 21 has been expanded through judicial interpretation to include substantive due process.

Constitutional Doctrines

• Doctrine of Basic Structure

  Limits the amending power of Parliament by protecting the core features of the Constitution.

• Doctrine of Severability

  Allows valid portions of a law to survive if invalid provisions can be separated.

• Doctrine of Eclipse

  Addresses the operation of pre-constitutional laws that are inconsistent with fundamental rights.